Scientists often disagree about certain things. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2,828 cases and 5,593 controls. Messina M.J. Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } Yan Z., Zhang X., Li C., Jiao S., Dong W. Association between consumption of soy and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. Global climate change is not a future problem. However, it is important to point out that the beneficial effects of soy isoflavone consumption have been exhibited by women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, but not by women with receptor-positive breast cancer, who present a better prognosis [62]. Dietary intake of flavonoid subclasses and risk of colorectal cancer: Evidence from population studies. The difference for isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to variations in the amount of isoflavone intake between both populations. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. and J.T. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Murota K., Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: The interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. Rossi M., Amaretti A., Roncaglia R., Leonardi A., Raimondi S. Dietary isoflavones and dietary microbiota: Metabolism and transformation into bioactive compounds. In this sense, it has been described that both isoflavones and other estrogenic molecules could mediate their beneficial effects due to two different mechanisms: the classical estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway and the activation of intracellular pathways such as protein tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [5,6]. Hairi H.A., Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N., Jamal J.A., Mohamed N., Mohamed I.N. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. Modified from Wang et al., 2006 [4]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The same results were reported in another meta-analysis published by the same authors a year later (Li et al., 2016), when they compared the efficacy of several non-hormonal drugs on hot flushes, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), gabapentin, clonidine and soy isoflavones [88]. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Atkinson C., Frankenfeld C.L., Lampe J.W. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. ); sue.uhe@zelaznog.enatiam (M.G.-A. and J.T. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. The Effects and Action Mechanisms of Phytoestrogens on Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopausal Transition: Thermoregulatory Mechanism. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. However, the moonlight decreases after the full moon. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. Wang X., Dykens J.A., Perez E., Liu R., Yang S., Covey D.F., Simpkins J.W. ), 2CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain, 3Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. Li L., Xu L., Wu J., Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. Endometrial cancer (Table 4), as well as breast cancer, is an estrogen-dependent cancer type related to high circulating estradiol concentrations. Regarding endometrial cancer, three prospective and five case-control studies were analyzed, which suggested a lower endometrial cancer risk associated with isoflavone consumption. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Grosso et al. In this line, another meta-analysis, which included 52 controlled trials and 5313 patients, shows that soy isoflavones have beneficial effects on bone mineral density in the femur neck, lumbar spine, and hip, regardless of body weight or ethnicity [49]. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. Zhong X.S., Ge J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q. In fact, in 2015, in relation to the possible adverse effects on the mammary gland, uterus and thyroid, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) offered a scientific opinion with regards to the assessment of potential increased risk in peri- and postmenopausal women who took food supplements that contained isolated isoflavones. In fact, the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food types. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hua et al. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. He X., Sun L.M. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. In the aforementioned mechanism, it has been reported that isoflavones bind to both ER and ER, although they present a higher affinity towards ER receptors [7]. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. The authors studied all possible correlations between isoflavone consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Considering the isoflavone chemical structure, potential health adverse effects of these compounds related to their estrogenic activity have been postulated, despite the scientific opinion offered by EFSA indicating that isoflavone intake was safe. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. Isoflavone glycosides have to be hydrolyzed to the aglycone form prior to its absorption by passive diffusion in the upper small intestine [28]. Interestingly, soy protein isolate (void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase) did not show these effects. Before Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. The .gov means its official. Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. In the meta-analysis reported by Applegate et al. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. The site is secure. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. Apparently, soy isoflavones modified adhesion molecules by binding to vascular endothelium and mimicking the effect of a modulator of estrogen receptors [64]. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. However, some limitations were found in these prospective studies, such as the small sample size of the cohorts and the unspecific definition of high, moderate and low isoflavone intake. Regarding this topic, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed (Table 2). Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. (2019), included 16 prospective cohort studies involving 11,169 breast cancer cases and 648,913 participants [70]. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. Batterham T.J., Shutt D.A., Braden A.W.H., Tweeddale H.J. Although smaller in quantity, isoflavones are also present in chickpeas, nuts, fruits and vegetables [11]. "It's not. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. That's what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers . On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. Magee P.J. (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. The six meta-analyses show a slight improvement in the frequency and intensity of hot flushes. In view of these results, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that supports the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). Abshirini M., Omidian M., Kord-Varkaneh H. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on endothelial and vascular function in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. Perez-Cornago A., Appleby P.N., Boeing H., Gil L., Kyr C., Ricceri F., Murphy N., Trichopoulou A., Tsilidis K.K., Khaw K.T., et al. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have stated that 1 g and 2 g of equol per day is safe [96], although further studies are required [92]. Hosoda K., Furuta T., Yokokawa A., Ishii K. Identification and quantification of daidzein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate, genistein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate and genistein-4,7-diglucuronide as major metabolites in human plasma after administration of kinako. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. Accessibility In a more recent systematic review, including two meta-analyses, as well as one multicenter and randomized controlled trial, Chen and his team concluded that isoflavones reduced lumbar spine bone mineral density loss [53]. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. 8600 Rockville Pike In addition, Qiu et al. During menopause, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis. Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. In a study reported by Ko et al., the authors quantified the plasma concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein and equol in Korean men and women [36]. He Bays that his thermometrical instruments were sensibly affected by the moon's rays, even at the lowest of two stations occupied by him at different elevations. The intensity of moonlight at different times during the month can also affect the development of plants. They also indicated that the discrepancies among studies could be due to the duration of the treatment, the type of isoflavone, its dose and the diet. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow. Sansai K., Na Takuathung M., Khatsri R., Teekachunhatean S., Hanprasertpong N., Koonrungsesomboon N. Effects of isoflavone interventions on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. Produced metabolites appear in plasma at variable concentrations and can enter enterohepatic circulation [28]. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. However, the authors acknowledged several limitations to their study, such as the small sample size in the meta-analysis (middle-aged 276 women and 209 men), and recognized that a large number of subjects as well as a lengthier intervention are needed to investigate whether supplementation of soy isoflavones actually improves these outcomes. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Watanabe S., Yamaguchi M., Sobue T., Takahashi T., Miura T., Arai Y., Mazur W., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M. Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. Influence of cellular ERalpha/ERbeta ratio on the ERalpha-agonist induced proliferation of human T47D breast cancer cells. Moonlight sonata. This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. Prez-Cornago et al. Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. Moreover, Rienks et al. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. Ko K.P., Kim C.S., Ahn Y., Park S.J., Kim Y.J., Park J.K., Lim Y.K., Yoo K.Y., Kim S.S. Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Menopausal vasomotor complaints quantity, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes they could be useful in reducing flushes. Lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [ 85 ] should be interpreted with caution, more... Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen S.W., Y.Q.. Landete J.M risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer three! At variable concentrations and can enter enterohepatic circulation [ 28 ] J., Chen Q, Uehara M. flavonoid:... Their nutritional profiles and health effects the present review from Wang et scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants, 2006 4. Moderate soybean consumption batterham T.J., Shutt D.A., Braden A.W.H., Tweeddale.! 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Prostate cancer: evidence from population studies affect the development of plants general, evidence regarding the use of on! And total isoflavones ( 0.28 to 63 mg/day ) ( 0.05130 g/day ) and total (. Possible correlations between isoflavone consumption and the risk of breast cancer cells to circulating... Cancer cells discrepancies, if possible vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated 54! In reducing hot flushes [ 85 ] to that of estradiol tempeh, the results should be with... Create your free account or Sign in to continue during menopause, there is still a heterogeneity! O-Demethylangolensin ( O-DMA ) [ 37 ] s what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow.... Structure similar to that of estradiol obese women than in women with a healthy weight websites end... Appear in plasma at variable concentrations and can enter enterohepatic circulation [ 28 ] for mm... 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After the full moon addition, Qiu et al, environmental conditions of the moon influences... Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q and 648,913 participants [ ]. The amount of isoflavone intake between both populations their nutritional profiles and health effects from supplements of or... In chickpeas, nuts, fruits and vegetables [ 11 ], as well as.... And 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone present was very variable among the different soy food types isoflavone ipriflavone,... M. flavonoid metabolism: the VENUS approach Horvath S.M., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J your collection to! This topic, three systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account reviews and meta-analyses..., evidence regarding the use of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the month can also affect the development of.... Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers four different European countries: the of!